7428 Quad Two input NOR in Pakistan

These are high-speed silicon-gate CMOS decoders well suited to memory address decoding or data-routing applications. Both circuits feature low power consumption usually associated with CMOS circuitry, yet have speeds comparable to low-power Schottky TTL logic. Both circuits have three binary select inputs (A0, A1, and A2). If the device is enabled, these inputs determine which one of the eight normally high outputs of the HC/HCT138 series goes low or which of the normally low outputs of the HC/HCT238 series go high. Two active low and one active high enables (E1, E2, and E3)are provided to ease the cascading of decoders. The decoder’s eight outputs can drive ten low-power Schottky TTL equivalent loads.

The 74HC165 is a high-speed Si-gate CMOS device and is pin-compatible with low-power Schottky TTL (LSTTL). They are specified in compliance with JEDEC standard no. 7A. The 74HC165 are 8-bit parallel-load or serial-in shift registers with complementary serial outputs (Q7 and Q7) available from the last stage. When the parallel load (PL) input is LOW, parallel data from the D0 to D7 inputs are loaded into the register asynchronously. When PL is HIGH, data enters the register serially at the Ds input and shifts one place to the right (Q0 –> Q1 –> Q2, etc.) with each positive-going clock transition. This feature allows parallel-to-serial converter expansion by tying the Q7 output to the DS input of the succeeding stage. The clock input is a gated-OR structure that allows one input to be used as an active LOW clock enable (CE) input. The pin assignment for the CP and CE inputs is arbitrary and can be reversed for layout convenience. The LOW-to-HIGH transition of input CE should only take place while CP is HIGH for predictable operation. Either the CP or the CE should be HIGH before the LOW-to-HIGH transition of PL to prevent shifting the data when PL is activated.

The SN74HC163 are synchronous, presettable counters that feature an internal carry look-ahead for application in high-speed counting designs. The ’HC163 devices are 4-bit binary counters. Synchronous operation is provided by having all flip-flops clocked simultaneously so that the outputs change coincident with each other when instructed by the count-enable (ENP, ENT) inputs and internal gating. This mode of operation eliminates the output counting spikes normally associated with synchronous (ripple-clock) counters. A buffered clock (CLK) input triggers the four flip-flops on the rising (positive-going) edge of the clock waveform.

These counters are fully programmable; that is, they can be preset to any number between 0 and 9 or 15. As presetting is synchronous, setting up a low level at the load input disables the counter and causes the outputs to agree with the setup data after the next clock pulse, regardless of the levels of the enable inputs.

The clear function for the ’HC163 devices is synchronous. A low level at the clear (CLR\) input sets all four of the flip-flop outputs low after the next low-to-high transition of CLK, regardless of the levels of the enable inputs. This synchronous clear allows the count length to be modified easily by decoding the Q outputs for the maximum count desired. The active-low output of the gate used for decoding is connected to CLR\ to synchronously clear the counter to 0000 (LLLL).

The carry look-ahead circuitry provides for cascading counters for n-bit synchronous applications without additional gating. ENP, ENT, and a ripple-carry output (RCO) are instrumental in accomplishing this function. Both ENP and ENT must be high to count, and ENT is fed forward to enable RCO. Enabling RCO produces a high-level pulse while the count is maximum (9 or 15 with QA high). This high-level overflow ripple-carry pulse can be used to enable successive cascaded stages. Transitions at ENP or ENT are allowed, regardless of the level of CLK.

These counters feature a fully independent clock circuit. Changes at control inputs (ENP, ENT, or LOAD\) that modify the operating mode have no effect on the contents of the counter until clocking occurs. The function of the counter (whether enabled, disabled, loading, or counting) is dictated solely by the conditions meeting the stable setup and hold times.